A readable keystore, protected by a weak password, with public keys

		LOW
	Detection method	DAST KEY INFORMATION

Description

An application uses a readable key storage protected by a weak password which contains public keys. This can lead to forgery of key information. An encryption key must not be stored in a location with public access.

When using cryptographic operations on a device, you need to ensure maximum security of the main secret in such operations—the encryption key. When using asymmetric encryption, you need to store the private key securely; for symmetric algorithms, though, you need to protect the key that is used both for encryption and decryption of sensitive information. There are several ways to store the keys depending on a version of the operating system: in the AndroidKeyStore storage or in the application's directory in BKS. The most secure way is, without a doubt, to store the keys in the AndroidKeyStore. If there is a need to store the keys in BKS, you should ensure that the storage itself as well as all keys are protected by a strong password.

Compromisation of key information in an application could be catastrophic depending on where in the application this information is used—starting with decryption of files or traffic, to compromisation of a private key that functions as a signature of the application.

Recommendations

Encryption keys must not be stored in a location with public access, even if this is the application's directory on an SD-card.

There are several ways to store the keys depending on a version of the operating system:

On Android API<18 the encryption keys must be stored inside the application's directory in BKS.
On Android API>=18 RSA keys must be stored in AndroidKeyStore, and AES keys—in BKS.
On Android API>=23 RSA and AES keys must be stored in AndroidKeyStore.

Also, don't forget that when using the BKS in the internal application's directory, an additional strong password is required to protect the keystore and the keys within it. A good idea would be to check the generated password against a database for most common passwords and ensure that the password meets minimum requirements:

The password is at least 20 characters in length
At least one lower-case letter is required
At least one upper-case letter is required
At least one numeric character is required
At least one special character is required

Generation of a password-protected BKS storage containing a key protected with an additional password:

keytool -importcert -v -trustcacerts -file "C:\Users\Indra\Documents\myapp.com.cer" 
-alias IntermediateCA -keystore "C:\Users\Indra\Documents\appKeyStore.bks" 
-provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider 
-providerpath "C:\Users\Indra\Downloads\bcprov-jdk15on-154.jar" 
-storetype BKS -storepass StorePass123
keytool -list -keystore "C:\Users\Indra\Documents\appKeyStore.bks" 
-provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider 
-providerpath "C:\Users\Indra\Downloads\bcprov-jdk15on-154.jar" -storetype BKS -storepass "StorePass123"
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
openssl pkcs12 -export -in "/home/myapp/myapp_cert_2016/ssl_certificate.crt" 
-inkey "/home/myapp/myapp_cert_2016/domainname.key" -certfile "/home/myapp/myapp_cert_2016/ssl_certificate.crt" 
-out testkeystore.p12 Export password : exportpass123
keytool -importkeystore -srckeystore "C:\Users\Indra\myapp\testkeystore.p12" 
-srcstoretype pkcs12 -destkeystore ""C:\Users\Indra\myapp\wso2carbon.jks" -deststoretype JKS
Destination keystore password : exportpass123
----------------------------------------------------- Final JKS Keystore generation ------------------------------------------------------
# openssl pkcs12 -export -in "/home/myapp/myapp_cert_2016/ssl_certificate.crt" 
-inkey "/home/myapp/myapp_cert_2016/domainname.key" 
-certfile "/home/myapp/myapp_cert_2016/ssl_certificate.crt" -out myapp_cert.p12
Export Password : StorePass123
keytool -importkeystore -srckeystore "C:\Users\Indra\myapp\myapp_cert.p12" 
-srcstoretype pkcs12 -destkeystore "C:\Users\Indra\myapp\myapp_keystore.jks" -deststoretype JKS
Import Password : StorePass123
----------------------------------------------------- Final BKS Keystore generation ------------------------------------------------------
keytool -importkeystore -srckeystore "C:\Users\Indra\myapp\myapp_keystore.jks 
-deststoretype JKS" -destkeystore "C:\Users\Indra\myapp\myapp_keystore.bks" 
-srcstoretype JKS -deststoretype BKS -srcstorepass StorePass123 -deststorepass StorePass123 
-provider org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider -providerpath "C:\Users\Indra\Downloads\bcprov-jdk15on-154.jar"
On error or exception steps to be taken
- Comment above line and add the new line in java.security file in jre/lib/security
#security.provider.7=com.sun.security.sasl.Provider
security.provider.7=org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider
- You need to install the Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Unlimited Strength Jurisdiction Policy

To interact with AndroidKeyStore you can use an auxiliary library or create your own implementation. See below an example of essential code fragments needed to encrypt and store the key in AndroidKeyStore.

Adding a new key into KeyStore

public void createNewKeys(View view) {
        String alias = aliasText.getText().toString();
        try {
                // Create new key if needed
                if (!keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
                        Calendar start = Calendar.getInstance();
                        Calendar end = Calendar.getInstance();
                        end.add(Calendar.YEAR, 1);
                        KeyPairGeneratorSpec spec = new KeyPairGeneratorSpec.Builder(this)
                                        .setAlias(alias)
                                        .setSubject(new X500Principal("CN=Sample Name, O=Android Authority"))
                                        .setSerialNumber(BigInteger.ONE)
                                        .setStartDate(start.getTime())
                                        .setEndDate(end.getTime())
                                        .build();
                        KeyPairGenerator generator = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA", "AndroidKeyStore");
                        generator.initialize(spec);
                        KeyPair keyPair = generator.generateKeyPair();
                }
        } catch (Exception e) {
                Toast.makeText(this, "Exception " + e.getMessage() + " occured", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                Log.e(TAG, Log.getStackTraceString(e));
        }
        refreshKeys();
}

Deleting a key from KeyStore

public void deleteKey(final String alias) {
         AlertDialog alertDialog =new AlertDialog.Builder(this)
                           .setTitle("Delete Key")
                           .setMessage("Do you want to delete the key \"" + alias + "\" from the keystore?")
                           .setPositiveButton("Yes", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                                    public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                                             try {
                                                      keyStore.deleteEntry(alias);
                                                      refreshKeys();
                                             } catch (KeyStoreException e) {
                                                      Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,
                                                                        "Exception " + e.getMessage() + " occured",
                                                                        Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                                                      Log.e(TAG, Log.getStackTraceString(e));
                                             }
                                             dialog.dismiss();
                                    }
                           })
                           .setNegativeButton("No", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
                                    public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
                                             dialog.dismiss();
                                    }
                           })
                           .create();
         alertDialog.show();
}

Using a key for encryption

public void encryptString(String alias) {
        try {
                KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry privateKeyEntry = (KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry)keyStore.getEntry(alias, null);
                RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) privateKeyEntry.getCertificate().getPublicKey();
                // Encrypt the text
                String initialText = startText.getText().toString();
                if(initialText.isEmpty()) {
                        Toast.makeText(this, "Enter text in the 'Initial Text' widget", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                        return;
                }
                Cipher input = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/CBC/PKCS7Padding", "AndroidOpenSSL");
                input.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
                ByteArrayOutputStream outputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                CipherOutputStream cipherOutputStream = new CipherOutputStream(
                                outputStream, input);
                cipherOutputStream.write(initialText.getBytes("UTF-8"));
                cipherOutputStream.close();
                byte [] vals = outputStream.toByteArray();
                encryptedText.setText(Base64.encodeToString(vals, Base64.DEFAULT));
        } catch (Exception e) {
                Toast.makeText(this, "Exception " + e.getMessage() + " occured", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                Log.e(TAG, Log.getStackTraceString(e));
        }
}

Using a key for decryption:

public void decryptString(String alias) {
         try {
                  KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry privateKeyEntry = (KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry)keyStore.getEntry(alias, null);
                  RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) privateKeyEntry.getPrivateKey();
                  Cipher output = Cipher.getInstance("RSA/CBC/PKCS7Padding", "AndroidOpenSSL");
                  output.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
                  String cipherText = encryptedText.getText().toString();
                  CipherInputStream cipherInputStream = new CipherInputStream(
                                    new ByteArrayInputStream(Base64.decode(cipherText, Base64.DEFAULT)), output);
                  ArrayList<Byte> values = new ArrayList<>();
                  int nextByte;
                  while ((nextByte = cipherInputStream.read()) != -1) {
                           values.add((byte)nextByte);
                  }
                  byte[] bytes = new byte[values.size()];
                  for(int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
                           bytes[i] = values.get(i).byteValue();
                  }
                  String finalText = new String(bytes, 0, bytes.length, "UTF-8");
                  decryptedText.setText(finalText);
         } catch (Exception e) {
                  Toast.makeText(this, "Exception " + e.getMessage() + " occured", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                  Log.e(TAG, Log.getStackTraceString(e));
         }
}